Material Properties
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Listing of Some Material Parameters Relevant to Uses with Electronic Circuits.
Electrical
- Resistivity
- Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Strength (Breakdown), etc.
- Band Structures, Band Gap
- Mobility
- Wide Range of Device Characteristics
- Contact Potentials
Chemical
- Chemical Activity for Processes, Degradation
- Chemical Bonding
- Electrical Affinity
- Phase Diagrams
- Chemical Potential
Thermal
- Melt Point
- Latent Heats of Phase Transformations (Fusion, etc.)
- Thermal Expansion
- Vapor Pressure, Sublimation
- Diffusion Coefficient
- Specific Heat
- Thermal Conductivity
Mechanical
- Elastic Modulus (Various)
- Tensile Strength
- Elastic-Plastic Characteristics, Yield Point, etc.
- Toughness, Hardness
- Fatigue Durability
- Poisson's Ratio
- Acoustical
- Creep
- Friction, Adhesion, Wear
Structural
- Single Crystal, Polycrystal, Amorphous, Epitaxial, etc.
- Crystal Structure
- Relevant Crystal Transformations
- Relevant Crystal Defects
- Optical
- Fluorescense
- Reflectivity
- Refractive Index
- Electroluminescense
- Birefrengence
Radiation
- Cross Sections, Neutron, Ionizing Radiation
- X-Ray Absorption, Fluorescense
- Radiation Damage Effects
- Scattering
Cross Discipline Effects
- Magnetomechanical (Magnetostriction)
- Chemomechanical
- Electrochemical
- Mechano-electric (Piezoelectric)
- Electro-optical (Photovoltaic, Photoelectron, Photoelectrolysis)
- Electro-optical, LASER, LED
- Magneto-optical
- Thermoelectric
- Thermomechanical, Expansion-contraction, Glass Transitions
Physical Properties of Semiconductor Materials
| Physical Properties of Several Semiconductors and Diamond | |||||||||
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| Material | Density (g/cm3) | Hardness (kg/mm2) | Flexure Strength (KPSI) | Young's Modulus (GPa) | Thermal Exp. Coeff. (10-6/oK) at 23oC | Thermal Exp. Coeff. (10-6/oK) at 200oC | Specific Heat (J/gmoK) | Thermal Conductivity (W/cmoK) | Band Gap (eV) |
| ZnS | 4.08 | 230 | 14 | 74.5 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 0.468 | 0.17 | 3.58 |
| GaAs | 5.32 | 700 | 8 | 85.5 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 0.345 | 0.53 | 1.43 |
| GaP | 4.13 | 845 | 15 | 102.6 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 0.435 | 0.97 | 2.24 |
| Si | 2.33 | 1150 | 18.5 | 130.1 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.758 | 1.41 | 1.12 |
| Ge | 5.32 | 850 | 13.5 | 103.3 | 6.0 | Liquid | 0.310 | 0.60 | 0.67 |
| Diamond | 3.52 | 9000 | 427 | 1050 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.515 | 26.00 | 5.40 |
| Data compiled by Texas Instruments | |||||||||
Phase Diagrams
| Aluminum - Silicon Phase Diagram |
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| Lead - Tin Phase Diagram |
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| Aluminum - Gold Phase Diagram |
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| Gold - Silicon Phase Diagram |
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| Aluminum - Copper Phase Diagram |
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| Titanium - Tungsten Phase Diagram |
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| Gold - Tin Phase Diagram |
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| Copper - Tin Phase Diagram |
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| Titanium - Aluminum Phase Diagram |
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| Aluminum - Tungsten Phase Diagram |
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Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Resistivity
Thermal mismatch between materials is a major source of concern in microelectronics. A large mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (TCE) between two bonded materials can result in large stresses and even cracking, delamination, or other types of failure. The following graphs show various TCE values for selected materials used in microelectronics processing and packaging. The larger the difference, the more concern there is for failure.
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (Higher) for Selected Microcircuit Materials (see Figure 12)
| Coefficients of thermal expanision for common semiconductor materials |
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Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (Lower and Polymers) for Selected Microcircuit Materials (see Figure 13)
| Coeffiencients of thermal expanision for common semiconductor and print circuit board materials. |
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Resistivity of Metals
Metal systems used in microelectronics are typically tradeoffs between performance, reliability, ease of which to process, and contamination issues. Resistivity is typically an important factor when considering circuit performance. Below is a graph of resistivity for various metals used in microelectronic processing.
Resistivity Values for Various Metals (see Figure 14).
| Resistivity values for various metals. |
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Thermal Conductivity Values for Various Metals (see Figure 15).
| Thermal conductivity of various metals. |
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